Interventional radiology, which is also referred to as vascular and interventional radiology, uses minimally invasive radiology both to treat and diagnose diseases, disorders, and other problems a wide variety of patients may face. Generally, doctors in this subspecialty want to make the procedures they perform as minimally invasive as possible, as this reduces the possibility of other problems and complications. Physicians usually learn about interventional radiology while they are completing their residencies.

A nephrologist is a medical professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders that affect the kidneys. Nephrologists are often referred to as kidney specialists. Some nephrologists also do research that helps them learn more about kidney diseases, so they can produce better treatments for their patients.